POM(Project Object Model,项目对象模型)是 Maven 的核心概念。它是一个 XML 文件,包含了项目的基本信息、依赖关系、构建配置等。
pom.xml,位于项目根目录下。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<!-- 项目坐标 -->
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>my-project</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<!-- 项目信息 -->
<name>My Project</name>
<description>A sample Maven project</description>
<url>http://www.example.com</url>
<!-- 属性 -->
<properties>
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
</properties>
<!-- 依赖 -->
<dependencies>
<!-- 依赖项 -->
</dependencies>
<!-- 构建配置 -->
<build>
<!-- 构建配置 -->
</build>
</project>
项目坐标唯一标识一个项目:
| 元素 | 描述 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| groupId | 组织标识符,通常是反向域名 | com.example |
| artifactId | 项目标识符 | my-project |
| version | 项目版本 | 1.0.0 |
| packaging | 打包类型 | jar, war, pom |
<name>项目名称</name>
<description>项目描述</description>
<url>项目主页</url>
<inceptionYear>2023</inceptionYear>
<licenses>
<license>
<name>Apache License, Version 2.0</name>
<url>http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt</url>
</license>
</licenses>
<developers>
<developer>
<id>john</id>
<name>John Doe</name>
<email>john@example.com</email>
<organization>Example Corp</organization>
</developer>
</developers>
使用 properties 元素定义可重用的属性:
<properties>
<!-- Java 版本 -->
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
<!-- 编码 -->
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
<!-- 依赖版本 -->
<spring.version>5.3.21</spring.version>
<junit.version>5.8.2</junit.version>
</properties>
使用属性:${spring.version}
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>${junit.version}</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
| 范围 | 描述 | 编译 | 测试 | 运行 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| compile | 默认范围,所有阶段都可用 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| test | 仅测试时可用 | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ |
| provided | 编译和测试时可用,运行时由容器提供 | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
| runtime | 测试和运行时可用 | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
| system | 类似 provided,但需要显式指定 jar 路径 | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
<build>
<!-- 源码目录 -->
<sourceDirectory>src/main/java</sourceDirectory>
<testSourceDirectory>src/test/java</testSourceDirectory>
<!-- 资源目录 -->
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/resources</directory>
</resource>
</resources>
<!-- 插件配置 -->
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.8.1</version>
<configuration>
<source>11</source>
<target>11</target>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
<!-- parent-pom.xml -->
<project>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>parent-project</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0</version>
<packaging>pom</packaging>
<properties>
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
</properties>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>5.8.2</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
</project>
<!-- child-pom.xml -->
<project>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>parent-project</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0</version>
</parent>
<artifactId>child-project</artifactId>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<!-- 版本从父 POM 继承 -->
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
<!-- 父项目 POM -->
<project>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>multi-module-project</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0</version>
<packaging>pom</packaging>
<modules>
<module>module-a</module>
<module>module-b</module>
<module>module-c</module>
</modules>
</project>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>my-app</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>My Application</name>
<description>A sample Maven application</description>
<properties>
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<junit.version>5.8.2</junit.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
<version>${junit.version}</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.8.1</version>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.0.0-M7</version>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>